Above the duck, the balloon, constructed of paper and fabric, provided
the lift necessary to carry aloft the duck and its companions, (a sheep
and a rooster). Never before had a human, let alone a duck, flown in
a balloon.
A new vehicle was born to the world in 1783. The new machine was one
which raised men off the surface of the earth and carried them sailing
upon “that uninterrupted navigable ocean that comes to the threshold
of every man’s door”.
The selection of balloon prints to the right has not been put together
for its historical or aeronautical significance – although such appeals
are not lacking – but quite simply from the point of view of their pictorial
quality.
Balloons with their differing shapes and colours are for many people
charming and entertaining objects. When seen by the artists and engravers
of the eighteenth century and the Regency, they take on an added period
flavour and such balloon pictures have now won their own small renown
among collectors.
Of the two types of balloon invested in 1783, the Montgolfieres (hot
air) were often more elaborately decorated than the Charlieres (hydrogen).
Balloon prints, like all other categories of engravings and lithography,
are subject to collectors’ whims and include the common, the not so
common and the rare, but again as with so many other kinds – the rarity
bears no relation to decorative quality and no special attention has
been paid here to financial or rarity considerations.
A balloon is in essence a simple affair and consists of an envelope
containing a gas weighing less than the surrounding air, which therefore
causes the envelope to rise in the atmosphere like a cork. The concept
of aerostation (lighter-than-air flight) only appeared in western civilisation
late in the Middle Ages.
It is strange to consider how many billions of men and women had to
watch the burning debris of a fire mount up with the smoke and flames
before two French paper-makers of Annonay, near Lyons, drew the correct
conclusions and thought of the hot-air balloon. A full sized man-carrying
balloon could have been made successfully at any time since the invention
of light textile fabrics, which date back many years before Christ,
but the appropriate collision of ideas and circumstance had to wait
until the end of the 18th century.
It is now believed that a Jesuit Priest – the Portuguese Father Gusmao
– thought out the idea correctly and made a miniature hot-air balloon
as early as 1709, but the significance of the event was lost on his
contemporaries and he never went on with his work. The brothers Joseph
and Etienne Montgolfiere first though of their hot-air balloon in 1782,
sent up a small version at Annonay in June of 1783, a full-sized man-carrying
example in the following September and saw their balloon make the first
free aerial voyage of all time at Paris on November 21st, manned by
Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d’Arlandes.
On December 1st of that same year 1873 Professor Charles and one of
the Robert brothers made the first free voyage in a hydrogen balloon,
a type of aerostat which Charles had brilliantly invented in almost
a modern form a few weeks before. The hot-air balloon – know as a Montgolfiere
– was suspended limp between two masts and inflated by having her neck
held over a fire beneath the take-off platform, another fire was lit
in a brazier and then slung in the neck of the balloon to provide a
continuous supply of hot air on the voyage. Altitude was controlled
by stoking or damping down the brazier fire.
The hydrogen balloon – Charliere – was also hung for inflation between
masts in the early days and its long thin neck attached to the primitive
apparatus in which sulphuric acid was passed over iron filings to make
the gas. Altitude was controlled by dropping ballast or valving the
gas through the crown of the envelope, although the neck was also left
open so that the gas – expanding as the balloon rose – could blow off
harmlessly without bursting the envelope. Coal gas came into use later
and – in our own day – helium, which has the great advantage of being
non-inflammable.
